#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
const int MOD = 1000000007;
const int MOD2 = 998244353;
const ll INF = 1e18;
const int MX = 1000001; //check the limits, dummy
ll modExp(ll base, ll power) {
if (power == 0) {
return 1;
} else {
ll cur = modExp(base, power / 2); cur = cur * cur; cur = cur % MOD;
if (power % 2 == 1) cur = cur * base;
cur = cur % MOD;
return cur;
}
}
ll inv(ll base) {
return modExp(base, MOD-2);
}
ll mul(ll A, ll B) {
return (A*B)%MOD;
}
ll add(ll A, ll B) {
return (A+B)%MOD;
}
ll dvd(ll A, ll B) {
return mul(A, inv(B));
}
ll sub(ll A, ll B) {
return (A-B+MOD)%MOD;
}
ll* facs = new ll[MX];
ll* facInvs = new ll[MX];
ll choose(ll a, ll b) {
if (b > a) return 0;
if (a < 0) return 0;
if (b < 0) return 0;
ll cur = facs[a];
cur = mul(cur, facInvs[b]);
cur = mul(cur, facInvs[a-b]);
return cur;
}
void initFacs() {
facs[0] = 1;
facInvs[0] = 1;
for (int i = 1 ; i < MX ; i ++ ) {
facs[i] = (facs[i-1] * i) % MOD;
facInvs[i] = inv(facs[i]);
}
}
ll solve(ll l, ll r , ll n ,ll k) {
if ((r - l + 1) < k ) {
return 0;
}
ll res = 0 ;
ll m = (l + r) / 2;
if ((r - l + 1) % 2) {
res += m;
res += solve(l, m-1, n, k);
res += solve(m+1, r, n, k);
} else {
// (r-l+1) is odd → you do NOT add m
res += solve(l, m, n, k);
res += solve(m+1, r, n, k);
// (r-l+1) is even → you incorrectly add m here
}
return res;
}
int main() {
ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0); cin.tie(0);
int t; cin >> t;
while (t --) {
ll n ,k ; cin >> n >> k;
ll res = solve(1,n ,n,k);
cout << res << endl;
}
return 0;
}
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